1 Introduction

Leguminous crop rotation is a green agricultural method that many people now advocate. This method not only makes farmland healthier, but also helps farmers reduce their dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Because leguminous plants can "lock" nitrogen from the air into the soil, it can also improve the nutrient cycle of the soil (Akshit et al., 2024). It can also break the pest and disease problems that are always easily caused by monoculture, allowing crops to grow more stably and maintain yields for longer. Leguminous plants rotate to help the soil retain carbon and nitrogen, which is particularly useful for maintaining fertility.

Green manure, especially green manure made from leguminous plants, has many benefits to the soil. It can increase soil nutrients, such as nitrogen, and increase the organic matter in the soil, making the land more "vigorous". These benefits can also allow us to use less fertilizer and protect the environment (Liu et al., 2024). Green manures can also increase enzyme activity in the soil, help beneficial microorganisms grow, and make the soil more water-retaining (Pál and Zsombik, 2022). With these help, crops are more likely to grow well and have higher yields. Green manures can also improve degraded land and replenish lost nutrients, which is very helpful for long-term farming (Yang et al., 2023).

Although the benefits of legume green manures in crop rotations have been well documented, there are still gaps in understanding the specific mechanisms by which green manures affect soil biochemical processes, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity under different environmental and management conditions. This study will systematically evaluate the effects of green manures in legume crop rotation systems, focusing on their effects on soil health, nutrient dynamics, and yields. And provide recommendations to optimize the use of green manures to improve sustainability and productivity in different agricultural environments.

2 Green Manure Resources and Nutrient Traits

2.1 Common species and biomass potential

Common leguminous green manures include alfalfa, astragalus, lupine, sword bean, pigeon pea and calamus. These plants grow fast and have strong adaptability to the environment, so they are often used in the fields. Like wild lupine, it can produce 2.9 to 8.2 tons of dry matter per hectare, which can add a lot of organic matter to the soil (Zamora Natera et al., 2022). Yellow lupine is particularly stable. No matter how the environment changes, it can grow well. It is a very promising green manure crop.

2.2 Nitrogen fixation and organic matter contribution

The most famous point of leguminous green manure is that it can "grab" nitrogen in the air and help the soil add nutrients. Their nitrogen fixation is related to the species and environment. Some species do not fix nitrogen when the soil is too poor, but broad beans can fix up to 419 kg of nitrogen per hectare, and yellow lupins can fix more than 200 kg (Aguiar et al., 2024). After green manure is applied to the field, the nitrogen content of the soil can increase by up to 200 kg/hectare. This can help us use less chemical fertilizers and make the next crop grow better. These green manures can also bring a lot of organic matter, improve soil structure, and make the soil more fertile (Lyu et al., 2024).

2.3 Decomposition rate and release of major mineral elements

After green manure is applied to the field, it will slowly decompose and release nutrients. The speed of its decomposition mainly depends on what kind of plant it is, when it is returned to the field, and what the climate is like. Some green manures, such as lupins and Indian Viola yedoensis, can release 60% to 80% of nitrogen 4 to 6 weeks after returning to the field (Herath et al., 2023). Sword beans and dwarf beans decompose very quickly and are suitable for short-term nutrient supplementation; but dodder and pigeon pea decompose more slowly and are more suitable for long-term soil covering and moisture retention (Mangaravite et al., 2023). Generally speaking, green manure decomposes quickly at first and then slows down, so that nutrients can be provided quickly and then continuously supplemented later. The minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium released by green manure are closely related to the decomposition speed, and the decomposition speed is also affected by what it contains, such as the ratio of lignin to nitrogen (Silva et al., 2008; Watthier et al., 2020).

3 Rotation Design and Field Management

3.1 Sowing, incorporation timing, and tillage practices

In legume rotation, the planting and use of green manure should be planned in advance. Leguminous green manures such as broad beans, peas, vetch and lupins are usually planted at the beginning of the rotation. Compost and phosphate rock are usually spread before land preparation, which allows crops to better absorb nutrients (Meena et al., 2018). Green manure is usually returned to the field when the grain is about halfway into the grain filling or when it grows more lushly, which can maximize the nitrogen fixation effect and organic matter (Toleikienė et al., 2024). Tillage methods can be plowing or less tillage (such as chiseling), both methods are effective. However, the choice of which method should be considered in the long run, such as whether soil nutrients will be lost, especially when used with other organic fertilizers (Diacono et al., 2019). Compared with returning fresh green manure directly to the field, fermented or composted green manure, such as clover, can help release nitrogen more evenly and reduce nutrient loss.

3.2 Rotation cycle and legume cultivar matching

How to arrange the crop rotation and what legume green manure to use are the two things that determine whether the green manure is effective. Green manure is often rotated with grain crops or vegetables, such as corn, wheat, barley, onions, etc., which can increase the yield and nutrient cycle in the field (Gao et al., 2024; Nguyen et al., 2024). When choosing green manure, you should consider the local climate and what the next crop needs. For example, broad beans and wild peas have good water retention and strong nitrogen fixation, while narrow-leaved lupines and peas are more outstanding in absorbing phosphorus (Céspedes et al., 2022). The amount of green manure returned to the field (generally 2 000 to 4 000 kg dry weight per hectare) and the time of returning the green manure to the field will affect the nutrient and yield changes in the field. If there is more rainfall and the climate is suitable, the effect of green manure will be more obvious and the yield will increase faster.

3.3 Integrated irrigation, pest, and weed management

Good coordination of green manure with irrigation, pests and weeds management is the key to achieving sustainable production. Leguminous green manure can improve the soil's water retention capacity, especially in droughts, it can reduce irrigation water (Pál and Zsombik, 2022). Green manure grows fast and can cover the soil surface, releasing some substances to suppress weeds. Compared with the traditional practice of not planting green manure, it can significantly reduce the number of weeds (Odhiambo et al., 2010). As for pests and diseases, green manure can improve the soil environment and make crops more resistant. However, the specific method of pest control depends on the types of local pests and diseases and crop rotation conditions. In general, as long as the green manure is allowed to grow as long as possible and the decomposition time is controlled to be consistent with the fertilizer requirement period of the crop, the integrated management can be best achieved.

4 Impacts on Legume Growth and Yield

4.1 Emergence, nodulation activity, and physiological traits

The use of green manures, especially leguminous green manures, in bean rotation can help beans grow better in the early stage. Green manures such as Sesbania rostrata not only promote nodulation of bean roots, but also improve nitrogen fixation ability, making it easier for plants to absorb nitrogen and accumulate dry matter (Winarni et al., 2016). Green manures can also increase organic matter and nutrients in the soil, which is also helpful for the emergence and initial growth of beans (Shrestha et al., 2025).

4.2 Pod number, 100-seed weight, and biomass changes

Green manures can also increase the yield of beans, mainly manifested in more pods, heavier seeds, and stronger plants. Studies have found that using green manure with some trace elements (such as zinc) is more effective than using chemical fertilizers alone. For example, the number of pods, grain weight and biomass of mung beans can be increased by up to 46% (Muindi et al., 2020). Green manure has similar effects in rice or corn fields. It is better than using chemical fertilizers alone or no fertilizer, and can significantly increase dry matter and grain weight (Latt et al., 2009).

4.3 Yield stability under varying substitution levels of chemical fertilizer

Green manure can partially or even completely replace chemical fertilizers while ensuring that the yield does not decrease. Many field trials and data analyses have shown that the application of green manure increases yield by 12% to 22% compared with unused plots, among which the most obvious effect is the application of 2 000 to 4 000 kg of dry weight of green manure per hectare (Liang et al., 2022). In corn and wheat fields, green manure not only increases yields, but also improves the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus use, reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. In pastures, growing legumes and grasses together and adding manure can also stabilize yields while reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers used (Oyharçabal et al., 2024).

5 Effects on Soil Properties and Microbial Community

5.1 Increases in organic matter, total N, available P and K

Green manure can make the soil more fertile. Whether it is leguminous green manure or other green manure, it will increase the organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil. Studies have found that compared with fallow or growing only one crop, soil organic matter can be increased by more than 30% and total nitrogen can be increased by about 35% after applying green manure (Dong et al., 2021). In addition, the content of available potassium and microbial carbon in the soil has also increased significantly, up to about 70% of the original. These changes are mainly due to the fact that green manure provides nutrients after decomposition and makes microorganisms more active (Figure 1) (Xu et al., 2023).

Figure 1 The fallow treatment was the soil without green manure application, while the ryegrass and Chinese milk vetch application treatments including growth period and incorporation period. All the three treatments were combined with three fertilizers, including mineral fertilizer, organic manure and humic acid fertilizer. Also, a control without green manure and fertilizer was set up (Adopted from Xu et al., 2023)

5.2 Improvement of soil aggregation and moisture retention

Green manure can also improve the structure of the soil. After applying green manure, the larger "aggregates" in the soil will become more numerous and more stable. For example, the number of aggregates with a diameter greater than 0.25 mm can more than double, making the soil more solid and less likely to be washed away (Bai et al., 2022). Green manure can also make it easier for the soil to retain moisture, and plants can grow more easily during droughts or rainy periods.

5.3 Shifts in microbial diversity and functional groups

After using green manure, the types of microorganisms in the soil will change. The number of bacteria usually increases, especially when green manure is used with organic fertilizers. The changes in fungi depend on the type of green manure used (Walker et al., 2022). Green manure can also increase the number of "good bacteria", such as bacteria that help crops take root, mycorrhizal fungi, and microorganisms that can participate in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles (LeBlanc, 2022). These microorganisms can increase soil enzyme activity, and nutrients are more easily absorbed by plants. At the same time, “bad bacteria” such as pathogens will decrease (Ablimit et al., 2022). Therefore, these changes in soil microorganisms are a key reason for the good effect of green manure (Gao et al., 2021).

6 Case Studies

6.1 Application practices in rice-legume rotations in southern China

In the rice-bean rotation in southern China, farmers often use Chinese milk vetch or sesbania as green manure. Turning these green manures into the fields and then planting rice seedlings can make rice grow better. Experimental data show that in double-season rice fields, replacing 20%-40% of chemical fertilizers with green manure can increase the yield of early rice by 15.6% and late rice by 9.3% (Zhang et al., 2022; Xiao et al., 2024). In hotter areas, using sesbania or stylosanthes as green manure can increase the yield of colored rice by 24%-29%, and the anthocyanin content in the grains will also increase (Figure 2) (Song et al., 2024). If rice straw is used together with green manure, rice can absorb nitrogen better, and chemical fertilizers can be saved a little more (Yang et al., 2019).

Figure 2 The growth of colored rice at the tillering stage after the incorporation of different green manures in the field. T0: Colored rice cultivated with previous fallow; T1: Colored rice cultivated with previous rice straw manure; T2: Colored rice cultivated with previous sesbania straw manure; T3: Colored rice cultivated with previous stylosanthes straw manure (Adopted from Song et al., 2024)

6.2 Green manure introduction in dryland legume systems in Northern China

In the dryland areas of northern China, planting green manure crops such as forage peas and wild peas is very helpful for the land. They can make the soil easier to retain water and increase crop yields. If there is a lot of rain and the temperature is suitable, the yield of the plots planted with these green manures is 9.5% to 16.7% higher than that of the plots without green manure (Feng et al., 2024). These legumes can increase the organic matter in the soil and make the soil more water-retaining. For places that rely on rainwater for farming, whether the soil can retain water is particularly important. Forage peas and wild peas can not only help the land retain more water, but also improve the soil structure. Therefore, they are very suitable for promotion in these rain-fed areas. Using them as green manure can also make the yield in the land more stable and the land easier to recover. In general, these green manure crops have a promising future in dryland agriculture in northern China.

6.3 Comparative analysis of green manure species on crop yield and soil effects

Not all green manures are the same. One study tried several perennial legume green manures in organic rice fields: Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora. The results showed that Leucaena leucocephala had the best yield increase effect as long as the dosage was appropriate. Comprehensive analyses across the country have also shown that leguminous green manures can increase rice, wheat, and corn yields as long as crop rotations are properly arranged. In addition, leguminous green manures such as hairy vetch can also increase soil enzyme activity related to nitrogen and phosphorus cycles compared to non-leguminous green manures, indicating that they are more helpful to soil nutrient cycles (Khan et al., 2020).

7 Concluding Remarks

Adding green manure to legume rotation can improve yields, soil fertility and environmental performance for several years in a row. Green manures such as wild peas, lupines, peas and alfalfa can provide more nitrogen and phosphorus for the next crop, and can also increase the organic matter and water retention capacity of the soil. In this way, less chemical fertilizers are used, costs are reduced, and nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. Green manure also increases the number of good bacteria in the soil, further helping to protect the soil and increase yields.

To maximize the benefits of green manure, you can choose suitable legumes according to the local climate and soil to ensure that they can grow enough biomass. For plots where the nutrients in the soil are not low, green manure can be used together with a small amount of chemical fertilizer. If you want to make the fertility more stable, you can also make green manure into compost before using it, so that the nitrogen is released more evenly and the nutrients are not easy to escape. Farmers need to be taught more about how to use green manure, such as when to turn it into the soil and how to arrange crop rotation.

Next, the research can focus on three things: Conduct long-term, regional trials to find the most suitable green manure types and management methods in each region. In-depth research on the relationship between green manure and soil microorganisms and nutrient cycles to see how they affect each other. Evaluate the economic and environmental accounts of large-scale green manure use, such as the long-term impact on greenhouse gas emissions and soil health. Finally, policy support is needed, such as subsidies and technical training, to truly promote green manure and benefit farmers, the environment and food security.

Acknowledgments

I thank Mr Z. Wu from the Institute of Life Science of Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University for his reading and revising suggestion.

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

Ablimit R., Li W., Zhang J., Gao H., Zhao Y., Cheng M., Meng X., An L., and Chen Y., 2022, Altering microbial community for improving soil properties and agricultural sustainability during a 10-year maize-green manure intercropping in Northwest China, Journal of Environmental Management, 321: 115859.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115859

Aguiar P., Arrobas M., Nharreluga E., and Rodrigues M., 2024, Different species and cultivars of broad beans, lupins, and clovers demonstrated varying environmental adaptability and nitrogen fixation potential when cultivated as green manures in northeastern Portugal, Sustainability, 16(23): 10725.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310725

Akshit, Kumar S., Sheoran N., Devi P., Sharma K., Kamboj E., and Kumar P., 2024, Legumes in cropping systems: a way toward agricultural sustainability and diversification, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 55(4): 596-608.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2023.2274035

Bai N., Lv W., Chu X., Fan H., Li S., Zheng X., Zhang J., Zhang H., and Zhang H., 2022, Comparison of soil microbial community and physicochemical properties between rice-fallow and rice-bean (green manure) rotation, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 86(3): 593-603.

https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20408

Céspedes C., Espinoza S., and Maass V., 2022, Nitrogen transfer from legume green manure in a crop rotation to an onion crop using ¹⁵N natural abundance technique, Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 82(1): 44-51.

https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392022000100044

Diacono M., Baldivieso-Freitas P., and Serra F., 2019, Nitrogen utilization in a cereal-legume rotation managed with sustainable agricultural practices, Agronomy, 9(3): 113.

https://doi.org/10.3390/AGRONOMY9030113

Dong N., Hu G., Zhang Y., Qi J., Chen Y., and Hao Y., 2021, Effects of green-manure and tillage management on soil microbial community composition, nutrients and tree growth in a walnut orchard, Scientific Reports, 11(1): 16882.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96472-8

Feng Y., Liang H., Nie J., Li Y., and Cao W., 2024, Roles of microbial community and keystone taxa in rice productivity under green manuring in South China, Sustainability, 16(9): 3565.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093565

Gao S., Cao W., Zhou G., and Rees R., 2021, Bacterial communities in paddy soils changed by milk vetch as green manure: a study conducted across six provinces in South China, Pedosphere, 31(4): 521-530.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(21)60002-4

Gao X., He Y., Chen Y., and Wang M., 2024, Leguminous green manure amendments improve maize yield by increasing N and P fertilizer use efficiency in yellow soil of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8: 1369571.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1369571

Herath U., Wickramasinghe W., Rankoth L., and Egodawatta W., 2023, Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization of Gliricidia sepium leaf green manure under diverse nutrient management strategies in irrigated lowland rice cropping systems in Sri Lanka, Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 26(3): 162-179.

https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v26i3.5648

Khan M., Gwon H., Alam M., Song H., Das S., and Kim P., 2020, Short term effects of different green manure amendments on the composition of main microbial groups and microbial activity of a submerged rice cropping system, Applied Soil Ecology, 147: 103400.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103400

Latt Y., Myint A., Yamakawa T., and Ogata K., 2009, The effects of green manure (Sesbania rostrata) on the growth and yield of rice, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University, 54(2): 313-319.

LeBlanc N., 2022, Green manures alter taxonomic and functional characteristics of soil bacterial communities, Microbial Ecology, 85(2): 684-697.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-01975-0

Liang K., Wang X., Du Y., Li G., Wei Y., Liu Y., Li Z., and Wei X., 2022, Effect of legume green manure on yield increases of three major crops in China: a meta-analysis, Agronomy, 12(8): 1753.

https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081753

Liu M., Hu Z., Fan Y., Hua B., Yang W., Pang S., Mao R., Zhang Y., Bai K., Fadda C., De Santis P., Bergamini N., Usmankulova A., Samedjanovich B., and Zhang X., 2024, Effects of leguminous green manure-crop rotation on soil enzyme activities and stoichiometry, Journal of Plant Ecology, 17(6): rtae065.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtae065

Lyu H., Li Y., Wang Y., Wang P., Shang Y., Yang X., Wang F., and Yu A., 2024, Drive soil nitrogen transformation and improve crop nitrogen absorption and utilization-a review of green manure applications, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1305600.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1305600

Mangaravite J., Passos R., Andrade F., Silva V., Marin E., and Mendonça E., 2023, Decomposition and release of nutrients from species of tropical green manure, Revista Ceres, 70(3): 114-124.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-737X202370030012

Meena B., Fagodiya R., Prajapat K., Dotaniya M., Kaledhonkar M., Sharma P., Meena R., Mitran T., and Kumar S., 2018, Legume green manuring: an option for soil sustainability, In: Legumes for soil health and sustainable management, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp.387-408.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0253-4_12

Muindi E., Muindi C., and Ndiso J., 2020, The effects of combining farm yard manure, starter nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc on growth and yield of green grams, Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 20(4): 1-9.

https://doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2019/v20i430117

Nguyen P., Condron L., Simpson Z., and McDowell R., 2024, Inclusion of leguminous green manures enhances crop biomass, nutrient uptake, soil phosphorus dynamics and bioavailability, Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 3(4): e70035.

https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70035

Odhiambo J., Ogola J., and Madzivhandila T., 2010, Effect of green manure legume-maize rotation on maize grain yield and weed infestation levels, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(8): 618-625.

Oyharçabal E., Covacevich F., Bain I., Acuña C., and Berone G., 2024, Cattle dry manure fertilization increases forage yield of grass-legume mixtures, while maintaining the legume proportion and root-associated microbiota, Grass and Forage Science, 79(2): 281-293.

https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12656

Pál V., and Zsombik L., 2022, Evaluation of the role of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) green manure in crop rotations, Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, (1): 161-171.

https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/10364

Shrestha K., Gautam S., Pandit A., Shrestha A., Shrestha M., Poudel G., and Ghimire R., 2025, Comparing effects of legume intercropping and green leaf manuring on performance of maize and residual soil properties, Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science, 10(1): 18-27.

https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2025/v10i1328

Silva G., Matos L., Nobrega P., Carneiro E., and Resende A., 2008, Chemical composition and decomposition rate of plants used as green manure, Scientia Agricola, 65(3): 298-305.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162008000300010

Song S., Yin Q., Khan M., Zhao T., Liu K., Harrison M., Tao Y., and Nie L., 2024, Green manuring improves soil quality, grain yield, and grain anthocyanin content in colored rice cultivated in tropical regions, Food and Energy Security, 13(4): e571.

https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.571

Toleikienė M., Arlauskienė A., Supronienė S., Šarūnaitė L., Capaite G., and Kadžiulienė Z., 2024, Processing of legume green manures slows C release, reduces N losses and increases N synchronisation index for two years, Sustainability, 16(5): 2152.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052152

Walker B., Powell S., Tegg R., Doyle R., Hunt I., and Wilson C., 2022, Soil microbial community dynamics during ryegrass green manuring and brassica biofumigation, Applied Soil Ecology, 179: 104600.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104600

Watthier M., Peralta Antonio N., Gomes J., Rocha S., and Santos R., 2020, Decomposition of green manure with different grass-legume ratios, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66(7): 913-924.

https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1644622

Winarni M., Yudono P., Indradewa D., and Sunarminto B., 2016, Application of perennial legume green manures to improve growth and yield of organic lowland rice, Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 4(1): 681-687.

https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2016.041.681

Xiao J., Zhang J., Yuan H., Xie X., Gao Y., Lu Y., Liao Y., and Nie J., 2024, Long-term application of legume green manure improves rhizosphere soil bacterial stability and reduces bulk soil bacterial stability in rice, European Journal of Soil Biology, 122: 103652.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2024.103652

Xu J., Si L., Zhang X., Cao K., and Wang J., 2023, Various green manure-fertilizer combinations affect the soil microbial community and function in immature red soil, Frontiers in Microbiology, 14: 1255056.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1255056

Yang L., Zhou X., Liao Y., Lu Y., Nie J., and Cao W., 2019, Co-incorporation of rice straw and green manure benefits rice yield and nutrient uptake, Crop Science, 59(2): 749-759.

https://doi.org/10.2135/CROPSCI2018.07.0427

Yang R., Song S., Chen S., Du Z., and Kong J., 2023, Adaptive evaluation of green manure rotation for a low fertility farmland system: impacts on crop yield, soil nutrients, and soil microbial community, Catena, 222: 106873.

https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4217544

Zamora Natera J.F., García López P.M., Aguilar Jimenez C.E., Martínez Aguilar F.B., Vázquez Solís H., and Zapata Hernández I., 2022, Decomposition and nitrogen mineralisation of two wild lupins (Leguminosae) species with potential as green manures, Journal of Central European Agriculture, 23(2): 384-390.

https://doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/23.2.3439

Zhang J., Nie J., Cao W., Gao Y., Lu Y., and Liao Y., 2022, Long-term green manuring to substitute partial chemical fertilizer simultaneously improving crop productivity and soil quality in a double-rice cropping system, European Journal of Agronomy, 142: 126641.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126641

Zhou G., Chang D., Gao S., Liu R., Liang T., and Cao W., 2021, Co-incorporating leguminous green manure and rice straw drives the synergistic release of carbon and nitrogen, increases hydrolase activities, and changes the composition of main microbial groups, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 57(4): 547-561.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-021-01547-3